Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Merits and Demerits in schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30649/Keywords:
wash , water, sanitation, hygiene, schools, childrenAbstract
This study explores the merits and demerits of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in schools. WASH is crucial for maintaining health and preventing diseases in educational settings. The study highlights the importance of providing sufficient and safe water, basic sanitation, and hygiene facilities in schools. It also discusses the effects of poor WASH on education, including the spread of diseases, poor academic performance, and absenteeism. The study suggests improvements in WASH infrastructure, health education, and community involvement to promote healthy behaviors and environments in schools.
References
Abubakar, A.U. & Raji, I.A. (2021). Status of public primary schools: Safety, health service provision and environmental health facilities in Sokoto Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health,19 (11), 22-31.
Adeoye, G.O. (2001). Water supply, environmental hygiene and health. Delivered at 28th IKnterna6ional Faith and hygiene seminar at Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Amhara National Regional State Health and education Bureau (2010). Resource book for Amhara Region WASH-friendly schools.
Azuogu, V.C., Ilo, C.I., Nwimo, I.O., Azuogu, N. B. & Onwunaka, C. (2016). Extent of handwashing practice among secondary school students in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning, and Development, 4, (7),11-22.
Bello, M.B., Daramola, D.S., Yusuf, A., & Amali, I.O., (2017). An evaluation of access to universal basic education in sokoto state, Nigeria. Asia Pacific Journal of educators and Education, 32,61-72.
Boyi, A.M. (2013). Education and sustainable national development in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(8),147-152.
CDC (2018). Drinking water availability in schools. How can you help?.
Civilta dell’ Acqua International Center (2012). Water and our health.www.civiltaqua.org
Gado, M.A. & Alkammawa, H.L. (2017). Primary education as a means of achieving sustainable development; An assessment of Universal Basic education(UBE)program in Nigeria. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social sciences, 2(9),790-795.
Ibrahim, M, Barau, L, Alhassan, M., Gidadawa, Z.S., and Dan Galadima, H.(2019). Assessment of environmental impact of solid waste generation and disposal in Sokoto Metropolis. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(5),376-383.
Jiya, F.B., Jiya, N.M., Ibitoye, P.K., Umar, K. A., Adamu, A., & Isezuo, K.O. (2020). School healthSservices in Sokoto town, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 19(4),44-50.
Kanayochukwu, E., Dogo, B., Akinmumi, O.O., Oluwafemi, A.T., Ajibuah, J., Mwanret, D., & Queen, S., (2020). Assessment of the conditions of educational facilities in selected local government areas in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Researches Reviews of the Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, 49(1),81-98.
Kasarawa, A.B. Salau I.A., & Shehu K., (2017). Microbial quality of nonregistered table water sold in Sokoto Metropolis Northwestern Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 6(03), 007-011.
Magami, I.M. & Ibrahim, S. (2016). Gender disparity in water policy decision-making and status of water supply in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria. The Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4),77-81.
Mustapha, M., Okareh, O.T., Sridhar, M.K.C., & Aliyu, M.M. (2022). Households awareness and practices on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in an arid region of Northwestern Nigeria-Sokoto state. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(2),47-66.
Ngeno, E.C., Mbuci, K.E., Necibi, M.C., Shikuku, V.O., Olisah, C., Ongulu, R., Matovu, H., Ssebugere, P., Abushaban, A. & Sillanpaa, M. (2022). Sustainable re-utilization of waste materials as adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment in Africa: Recent studies, research gaps, and way forward for emerging economies. Environmental Advances, 9(100282),1-14
Norwegian Refugee Council (2015). Water sanitation and hygiene promotion manual. WASH Training for hygiene promotion stuff. Www.nrc.no.
Ogbuehi, D., Osia-Prince, G.N., & George, F.F. (2020). Availability and utilization of sanitary facilities in selected secondary schools in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state. International Journal of Innovative Healthcare Research, 8(4),9-16.
Olatunji, R.W. & Thanny, N.T. (2020). Availability and adequacy of WASH facilities in secondary schools in Lagos state, Nigeria. E3S Web of Conferences, 211(01023),1-8. Doi: http://10.1051/e3sconf/202021101023.
Olukami, D. (2013). Assessment of WASH program in public secondary schools in Southern-Western Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8(3),222-228.
Rasul, T., Islam, M., Sajjad, S.I., Islam, Z. (2021). Impact of wastewater discharge to the River Turag: A case study adjacent to the IUBAT. IUBAT Review, 4(1),48-54.
Reza, A., & Yousuf, T.B. (2016). Impacts of waste dumping on water quality in the Burigangan River, Bangladesh and possible mitigation measures. Journal of the Environment, 11(1), 35-40.
Rodriguez-Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M. & Pennock, D.(2018). Soil pollution: A hidden reality. Rome, FAO, 142pp.
Salihu, M., Shawai, S.A. & Shamsuddin, I.M. (2017). Effect and control of water pollution a panacea to national Development. International Journal of environmental Chemistry, 1(2),23-27.
Santra, S.(2017). Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency ltd Kolkatta: India.
Shehu, K., Salau, I. A., Kasarawa, A. B. & Umar, A. I (2014). Study on Fungi associated with metropolitan waste water used for irrigation on soil in sokoto metropolis. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(6), 148-151.
Sifawa, B.U., and Muhammad, A. (2014). Improving rural water supply and sanitation through community participation and management for diseases prevention in Sokoto state. International of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development, 3(1): 123-131.
Sridhar, M.K.C., Okareh, O.T. & Mustapha, M. (2020). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene in Some selected LGAS in Kaduna state, NorthWestern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public health, 2020(6532512),1-12.
Stenesh, J. (1998). Biochemistry. New York: springer Science + Business Media. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-9427-4.
Styrer, L. (1988). Biochemistry (3rd edition). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Page 187-191.
Toleubrkov, B., Bolatova, Z., & Stafstrom, M. (2022). Assessing access to WASH in urban schools during COVID-19 in Kazakhstan; case study of central Kazakhstan. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health, 19(6438), 1-19.
Umar, A.I., Labbo, A. M., Sumayya, A.A. Zainab, H.B., Sarkingobir, Y. Umar, A.I., & Dikko, M. (2021). Effects of Some Goitrogens on Iodine distributions in Pipe-borne Water, Borehole Water and Well Water of Sokoto State, Nigeria. International journal of Pure and Applied Science 21 (9), 29 – 40.
UNICEF (2012). Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools.www.unicef.org
Wagner, M., Scherer, C., Alvarez-Munoz, D., Brennholt, N., Bourrain, X., Buchinger, S., Fries, E., Grosbois, C., Klasmeier, J., etal (2014). Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26(12),1-9.
Wali, S.U., Gada, M.A & Hamisu, I.C. (2022). Evaluation of Shallow groundwater in rural Kebbi state Nigeria, using multivariate analysis: Implication for groundwater quality management. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 7(3), 65-75.
WHO, United Kingdom Health Promotion Agency and Partner (2011). Disaster risk management for health, water, sanitation and hygiene.
WHO/UNICEF (2014). WASH post-2015; Proposed targets and indicators for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.
Winter, J.C., Damstadt, G.L., Lee, S.J. & Davis, J. (2021). The potential of school-based WASH programming to support children as agents of change in rural Zambian households. BMC Public Health, 21(1812),1-13.
Yahaya, T. Doherty, V.F. Akinola, O.S. & Shamsudden, A. (2019). Heavy metal profiles and microbiological counts of selected sachet water brands in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 21 (1), 229-234.
Yarima, S.A., Maishanu, S.Z., Yarima, U.A. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practice of users towards water usage in IUIU Main Campus, Mbale. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2):44-51.
Zomerplaag J. & Moojiman, A. (2005). Child friendly hygiene and sanitation facilities in schools: Indispensable to effective hygiene education. Delft, the Netherlands, IRC international water and sanitation Centre. 48 pages.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 YUSUF SARKINGOBIR

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.